1 The Bank Bail-Out: Saving America's Banks

Much is known about the near-collapse of the housing market and the financial ruin that followed some of America’s largest banks. The more disturbing story is not how America’s largest financial institutions nearly caused the largest recession in US history, but how in the midst of the federal government’s efforts to stabilize the financial industry, the people, whose houses were being foreclosed and the small businesses on main street that suffered, were left in the dust. By examining the issues surrounding the collapse of the housing market and the federal government’s response, it is clear that the regular Americans were sacrificed in order to save wall-street.

In 2006 a problem arose across America. All economic indicators showed that prices for individual homes were starting to go down across the board. In order to try to force housing prices to increase, the Bush administrations authorized the Fed to lower interest rates and change the rules that pertained to borrowing. These new rules allowed an increase in the number of sub-prime mortgages, mortgages issued to lenders who might have problems with repayment. The result was that many people who previously could not afford to own their own home were allowed take out a home mortgage loan, which caused home prices to increase to record heights. With high prices and record profits, home developers began construction on new housing projects with the hopes of taking part in the housing bubble.

However, government deregulation, the saturation of the market with new houses, and sky-rocketing housing prices coupled with unnecessary financial risks taken by banks caused the housing bubble to finally pop. Homeowners woke up to discover that the value of their home was substantially lower than when they had originally taken out their mortgage for the same house. Many homeowners, who under normal circumstances would not quality for a home mortgage loan and were intending to sell their homes for more than what it was worth, found that their home was upside down and began to default on their mortgage payment. Foreclosures hit a record high and banks found themselves with a set of sub-prime loans that were now worthless, resulting in record losses for the vast majority of American lenders. On the precipice of the greatest financial collapse since 1929, investors and lenders alike solicited aid from the federal government.

What was proposed by Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Paulson, and the White House to Congress was the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, which included the $700 billion Trouble Assets Relief Plan (TARP). The intention was to create liquidity for banks and lending institutions to prevent their financial collapse and, in exchange, the financial institutions would eventually pay back the money borrowed from the federal government with interest once the institution became profitable again. Under the Obama Administration, TARP was extended to General Motors and Chrysler, and a separate fund was created to reconstruct Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

Though the EESA created stipulations for the restructuring of the financial industry in the United States, this bill, and any bill after the EESA on the federal level failed to establish a plan to help homeowners struggling with their mortgage payments or homeowners facing foreclosure. The bill also did not establish a fund to bail out small businesses that were directly affected by the housing market collapse. Appliance and furniture retailers as well as home construction companies were faced with huge profit losses, and many of these companies were forced to file for bankruptcy or close their doors permanently. Though state and civic governments have attempted to address the issue within their jurisdiction, no federal actions have been taken to help homeowners or local small business. Many of those on main street America felt betrayed by a White House and Congress that was elected to protect their interest, and instead passed legislation to save the multi-billion wall-street banks.

The truth of the matter was just that, the blame should not be placed on the homeowners or the banks, but the federal government that first deregulated the housing market then failed to assist struggling homeowners and businesses. The government traded long-term growth for short-term price hikes, a fateful decision that the American people struggle with today.